Examples of constant-level expressions:
- 5 + 15
- 0 .. 10
- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
- "foobar"
- op, where op was declared as op == (constant _expression_)
- x, where x was declared as CONSTANT x
Examples of state-level expressions:
- n + 5, where n was declared as VARIABLE n
- op, where op was declared as op == (state-level _expression_)
Examples of action-level expressions:
- z' = z + 5, where z was declared as VARIABLE z
- op, where op was declared as op == (action-level _expression_)
Examples of temporal-level expressions:
- <>[](x > 5), where x was declared as VARIABLE x
- P ~> Q, where P and Q are action-level expressions or below (I believe)
There is additional related terminology outside of this:
- State: an assignment of values to variables; variables are accessed with no prime, like x
- Step: A pair of successive states, where variables are addressed by being primed or not, like x' or x
- Behavior: An infinite sequence of states
- Spec: A set of behaviors comprising the possible executions of the system you are modeling
- Formula: a bit of an imprecise term but is usually used to refer to temporal formulas, so either specs or temporal-level expressions
Constant-level expressions are just that, they can be evaluated without reference to any state or anything by just looking at them. State-level expressions can only be evaluated within the context of a specific state. Action-level expressions can only be evaluated within the context of a specific step. Temporal-level expressions can only be evaluated within the context of a specific behavior, or spec.
Actually I'm a bit confused about the last one. It would seem to me that <>P and []<>P are two different levels of formulas, since <>P can be true or false of a specific behavior whereas []<>P seems to be a statement over multiple behaviors. Can anybody help me out here?
Anyway how this all helped.
Andrew Helwer
On Sunday, May 19, 2024 at 9:18:13 AM UTC-4 marta zhango wrote:
Systems are specified as formulas. I also see functions described using logical connectives such as
implication (=>), conjunction (∧), disjunction (V) and quantification (\A, \E).
Is TLA+ specified as formulas or functions ? Or something else ?
On Sunday, May 19, 2024 at 11:08:42 PM UTC+12 marta zhango wrote:
Actually, it is for TLA+ itself. You have mentioned: constant, state, action, temporal. Any important
others? Would you be so kind to show a general syntax for each ?
On Sunday, May 19, 2024 at 11:01:36 PM UTC+12 Stephan Merz wrote:
I don’t know documentation you looked at.
From a user’s perspective, Leslie Lamport’s video lectures [1] and/or Hillel Wayne’s Web site and book [2] are probably the best introduction (with the latter focusing on PlusCal, but this includes TLA+ expressions).
If you are looking for more mathematical descriptions covering the language and its semantics, Specifying Systems [3], the original paper introducing TLA (but not the specification language TLA+) [4] or an old paper of mine [5] may be helpful.
Hope this helps,
Stephan
I actually need some nitpicking. TLA is a scheme for precise and clear description,
whereas the documentation is not.
What are the basic constructs then ? As this is what I would like to neatly summarise.
On Sunday, May 19, 2024 at 9:38:51 PM UTC+12 Stephan Merz wrote:
In fact, there is no such thing as "statements" in TLA+, only formulas of different levels (constant, state, action, temporal). This is not nitpicking, but quite a fundamental distinction.
Have seen that statements in TLA are of the form [A]_p, where A is an action and p is a property.
But what are things without action formalism like
Cardinality(assignments[t])
and expressions such as
/\ assignments \in [Tasks -> SUBSET CPUs]
and
IsSorted(seq) ==
\A i, j \in 1..Len(seq):
i < j => seq[i] <= seq[j]
What are the latter ? Because they do not look like TLA statements
in the form of [A]_p.
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